Bounding the Field The Membrane and the Wall A New Approach to Biological Systems Usually a system or a subsystem is defined by means of a system boundary. The process of analysis and the scientific practice of isolating and defining prescribes such a device as a closed system. The boundary defines the closure. It may simply be stated: there are no closed systems. All systems are open. Then what is the alternative to the system boundary? A cell may be regarded as a system. This is … [Read more...]